• Ciencia y Medio Ambiente,
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    • Mutación anómala en el crecimiento de los árboles debido al ozono

    By on 5 enero, 2014

    En la decada de los  80 los científicos descubrieron que  la capa de ozono, vital para proteger a la Tierra de los rayos del Sol, tenía niveles anormalmente bajos en algunas partes, en especial en una extensa zona sobre la Antártida.

    En vista de que la capa de ozono absorbe casi el 99% de la radiación ultravioleta (UV) que llega hasta la Tierra, el descubrimiento de este enorme agujero generó gran preocupación por los efectos nocivos que podrían provocar estos rayos solares en el hemisferio sur.

    Los líderes mundiales acordaron tomar medidas para frenar el problema, y a través de la firma del llamado Protocolo de Montreal (1987) eventualmente lograron reducir la emisión de los compuestos químicos que estaban generando la pérdida de ozono, lo que impidió que el agujero siguiera creciendo.

    Lo que no sabían los expertos entonces es que los efectos de este fenómeno irían mucho más allá de un aumento en los niveles de radiación UV.

    Casi treinta años después de que fuera detectado, un equipo internacional de científicos halló evidencia de que el agujero en la capa de ozono provocó un cambio climatológico que afectó notoriamente al crecimiento de árboles en las regiones más australes del mundo.

    El estudio, liderado por el ingeniero forestal argentino Ricardo Villalba, fue tapa de la edición de noviembre de la revista científica Nature Geoscience.

    Villalba, director del Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (Ianigla), contó a BBC Mundo que en las últimas tres décadas los bosques más emblemáticos de la Patagonia tuvieron la tasa de crecimiento más baja de los últimos 600 años, como consecuencia del agujero de ozono.

    Cómo están conectados

    El motivo de esta baja de crecimiento es una caída de entre el 20% y el 30% en los niveles de precipitaciones durante los últimos 20-30 años, explicó Villalba.

    El agujero en la capa de ozono sobre la Antártida se ha estabilizado.

    A la vez, descubrieron que la caída en las precipitaciones estaba asociada a otro fenómeno conocido como la Oscilación Antártica del Hemisferio Sur (OAHS).

    «La OAHS es como un anillo de diferencias de presiones que se forma en la atmósfera del continente antártico y controla la variabilidad climática en el hemisferio sur», detalló el experto.

    El ciclo consiste de dos fases: la positiva, durante la cual los vientos del oeste –los que traen las lluvias- se mueven hacia el sur, provocando una disminución de las precipitaciones, y la negativa, durante la cual los vientos se mueven hacia el norte y vuelven las lluvias.

    Los científicos creen que el agujero en la capa de ozono generó un cambio en el ciclo de la OAHS, prolongando la fase positiva. Eso, según Villalba, habría provocado la mayor sequía y un aumento de las temperaturas en las zonas alrededor de la Antártida.

    Efecto contrario

    El equipo del Ianigla descubrió esta anomalía tras estudiar los anillos de araucarias y cipreses, dos de los árboles más característicos de la Patagonia, que viven entre 500 y 800 años.

    Hallaron que tanto en Argentina como en Chile estos árboles habían sufrido un fuerte retroceso en su crecimiento en las últimas tres décadas.

    Ante esta evidencia, los expertos decidieron contactarse con sus pares del otro lado del mundo, en Australia y Nueva Zelanda, para ver si esos países australes registraban un patrón parecido.

    Los investigadores analizaron los anillos de más de 3.000 árboles en Argentina, Chile, Nueva Zelanda y Australia.

    Los resultados fueron sorprendentes: la investigación mostró una clara alteración en la evolución de los árboles desde la década de los ’80. Pero mientras que los bosques patagónicos habían frenado su crecimiento los de Oceanía crecieron más que nunca.

    ¿Cómo se explica? «Nuestros colegas australianos y neozelandeses analizaron los anillos de árboles en bosques húmedos y fríos, que se beneficiaron con las temperaturas más altas», explicó Villalba.

    En cambio, los investigadores argentinos realizaron sus estudios en el norte patagónico, donde el clima es más seco.

    «El paso siguiente es investigar el impacto del agujero de ozono sobre otras especies y en otras regiones», anticipó el científico.

    Según los especialistas, si el Protocolo de Montreal se sigue aplicando con éxito para 2050 la capa de ozono podría volver a sus niveles normales y los agujeros se cerrarían.

    Lo que no pueden anticipar los expertos es cuánto daño habrá ocurrido para entonces.


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